tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84844534336931854432024-03-18T10:32:03.266+00:00Waterford Archaeological & Historical SocietyWAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07107470727907220083noreply@blogger.comBlogger307125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-17840964324968851212024-03-18T10:31:00.000+00:002024-03-18T10:31:29.870+00:00Upcoming Lecture : Playing at War? by Dr Shane Browne Friday 22/03/2024<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">“Playing at war”? The Waterford National Volunteers, 1914-1917</span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A lecture by Dr Shane Browne to the Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society 2023 – 2024 lecture series continues at 8 pm on Friday, March 22nd in St. Patrick’s Gateway Centre, Waterford (Eircode X91 YX61) when historian Dr Shane Browne, will deliver a talk titled “Playing at war”? The Waterford National Volunteers, 1914-1917.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_zmMWcebXCTOW5DnIm-qURgcL3Q4rgW3DuVJqr_v_d2vq_aLNxb4PhW0UAk5DoXiB6NH5IzHsY5Nv6mhrXMLDX3WdEnstm2VycPzDpkMCGNV8KeI9Dp0_xe2T8uLylYsZErPV5VqGU7o0nbaCcf50gy469WfoZ48X_kHT-3OQlAcf3UEQhGErSV_H_ig_/s1275/Waterford%20National%20Volunteers'%20crest.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1257" data-original-width="1275" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_zmMWcebXCTOW5DnIm-qURgcL3Q4rgW3DuVJqr_v_d2vq_aLNxb4PhW0UAk5DoXiB6NH5IzHsY5Nv6mhrXMLDX3WdEnstm2VycPzDpkMCGNV8KeI9Dp0_xe2T8uLylYsZErPV5VqGU7o0nbaCcf50gy469WfoZ48X_kHT-3OQlAcf3UEQhGErSV_H_ig_/s320/Waterford%20National%20Volunteers'%20crest.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Born from a split in the Irish Volunteers in the autumn of 1914, the National Volunteer movement was one of the largest uniformed paramilitaries operating in Ireland during the First World War. A pro-Home Rule organisation, this citizen army was loyal to John Redmond, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) since 1900. An overlooked organisation in the historiography of Ireland’s revolutionary period, this lecture will examine the Waterford city branch of the National Volunteers.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Drawing on newspaper sources and the organisation’s extensive archival collection at both national and local level, this lecture will investigate the rise and fall of the Waterford National Volunteers, outlining the aims of the movement and the reasons behind its ultimate decline. Across Ireland, the force could boast a paper strength of over 160,000 members in the wake of the split, with the Waterford National Volunteers numbering an estimated 1,000 men at this time. Significantly, the Waterford City National Volunteers had around 200 rifles in their possession, underlining the transformation that had occurred in Irish politics between 1912-14, when the politics of the gun had taken precedent over constitutional methods.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Importantly, what will be outlined in this lecture is that volunteering was part of public life in Waterford city for a time, with men and women taking part in a wide range of military and social activities between 1914-15. Areas we pass everyday were hubs of Volunteer activity, such as the Courthouse on Catherine Street where drilling took place on Sundays, or the former Presentation Convent on Hennessy’s Road, which was used as a headquarters by the Waterford City National Volunteers. The volunteering phenomenon even impacted upon consumers, with shops such as Hearne & Co. selling military attire.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Of course, the story of the National Volunteers is one of decline. Thus, this lecture will detail the reasons behind that decline, paying particular attention to the role John Redmond played in the movement’s demise in Waterford. Notably, numerous men dropped out of the Waterford National Volunteers because they were ridiculed for ‘playing at soldiering’ when the tide turned on the IPP leader for his pro-war stance.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvLVXYOnjJmWrfOmu0l5sdZg-p0ujVaJ33X0d1WOLIMr8kBLC6nbrLmdLgixQ2_1CSnXejowv01fWLKgUyT8LPRChlrTOg_y5nSf6hSkRy8Q_kNOmoMr5Qmpp8VIRoCfQgFnVwPQznIfxvfVHAzYslGxKHzJclNtSebEB36gG7GFKHboLZIbZEJ_D-MMX1/s3293/Shane%20Browne%20image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2329" data-original-width="3293" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvLVXYOnjJmWrfOmu0l5sdZg-p0ujVaJ33X0d1WOLIMr8kBLC6nbrLmdLgixQ2_1CSnXejowv01fWLKgUyT8LPRChlrTOg_y5nSf6hSkRy8Q_kNOmoMr5Qmpp8VIRoCfQgFnVwPQznIfxvfVHAzYslGxKHzJclNtSebEB36gG7GFKHboLZIbZEJ_D-MMX1/s320/Shane%20Browne%20image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Shane Browne graduated from UCD with a PhD in December 2021. Thesis title, ‘“Defence not defiance”: loyalty, party and organisation, the National Volunteers, 1913-20’. Currently working with University College Dublin School of History as a Module Coordinator on the MA module ‘Practicing Public History’, as well as with UCD Archives on the project A History of the Irish Revolution in 100 Documents. Shane's research interests include the study of conflict, paramilitarism, associational culture, and veteranship.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">********************* FORTHCOMING LECTURES **********************</div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society’s 2023 – 2024 lecture series continues in February and March in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre:</div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>26/04/2024 </b>Prof. Terence Dooley will deliver a talk titled The Irish Land Commission and its archives: why they should be opened to the research public</div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>22/04/2024</b> Dr Edel Bhreathnach will deliver a talk titled Ardmore, Lismore and Waterford: a tale of three competing medieval churches.</div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">********************* ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING **********************</div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society’s AGM will be held in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre at 8pm on<b> April 12th, 2024.</b></div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The committee would like to encourage any members who are interested in joining the committee to contact any of the current committee members.</div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b><br />The on-going success of the Society depends on enthusiastic members volunteering a small amount of time each month.</b></div></div>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Waterford, Co. Waterford, X91 YX61, Ireland52.260318 -7.114157723.950084163821153 -42.2704077 80.570551836178851 28.0420923tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-17426005635099595182024-02-17T12:00:00.004+00:002024-02-19T11:48:15.564+00:00Upcoming Lecture on 23 /02/24 : Irish Women's Experiences in the Great War and its Aftermath by Dr Fionnuala Walsh <p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Life will never be the same again": Irish women's experiences in the Great War and its aftermath by </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Fionnuala Walsh</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Date: Friday, February 23rd </b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Time: 8 pm</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Venue: St. Patrick’s Gateway Centre, Waterford (Eircode X91 YX61)</b></span></p><p><img height="453" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/7KsUYC_2Ok3pYLlkwiBraiafCMxepaVQM-WXRiJDcSivbHh1QHKwS-Ip3bcvjwSyuKveIQ_NAgOe_d0dNVpy-saI_4xGMS22c1mxYCPI9kHQzffkmhIih2wxoxMi2tpMaJ1u7L3XNIHT2RryuzUiOgA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10.98pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space-collapse: preserve;" width="631" /></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">(left) Irish War Savings Committee, Poster No. 3 (source: Imperial War Museum Art.IWM PST 13602)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">(right) Hely's Limited, Litho, 1915, unkown artist (source: Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2003668400/)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In this lecture Fionnuala will explore the
impact of the Great War on ordinary women's lives in Ireland.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">With over 200,000 Irish men serving in the
wartime British Army, the war's effects were inevitably felt at home. Drawing
on extensive primary research, this lecture explores life on the home front for
women.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IE">The war caused an increase in the cost of
living and women in Ireland struggled to cope with rising </span>inflation and food shortages. The
mobilisation of men for the armed forces brought distress and anxiety for those
waiting at home and too many received the telegram with devastating news as the
war waged on. Women were keen to do their bit in Ireland as elsewhere and
thousands of Irish women participated in war effort activities at home or close
to the front in the Red Cross and Irish War Hospital Supply Depot. Some also
joined the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps and Women’s Royal Naval Service. The establishment
of munitions factories in Ireland, including one in Waterford, provided new
opportunities for women’s employment. Many of the war’s effects on women’s role
in society were short-lived and the paper briefly explores women’s lives in the
aftermath of Armistice and demobilisation. There will be some local case
studies of Waterford women included highlighting the commonalities of wartime Waterford
with the wider national experience.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Fionnuala Walsh is Assistant Professor of Modern Irish History at University College Dublin.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjejBdT4T1W3gzZ_2NZU1cvqcHvEKRAGGEI-MFPCL0L0aRLaubW6C4tcdmVjrSZuNajUMTzP0GPW8NOhnV11e0HOBIuQ7p3yHIdGmpgZLK8mAMWqgqrquEZ_eBoDRV0YzLUj4CQ-qyU9CjTcYsCU8jwSK4rLAI0sRSsoShDQjQvc5eYuOTN2ppR1-zTCbHA" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img alt="" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="339" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjejBdT4T1W3gzZ_2NZU1cvqcHvEKRAGGEI-MFPCL0L0aRLaubW6C4tcdmVjrSZuNajUMTzP0GPW8NOhnV11e0HOBIuQ7p3yHIdGmpgZLK8mAMWqgqrquEZ_eBoDRV0YzLUj4CQ-qyU9CjTcYsCU8jwSK4rLAI0sRSsoShDQjQvc5eYuOTN2ppR1-zTCbHA" width="230" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IE"> She </span>completed her PhD and Irish Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship in Trinity College Dublin. Her first book, Irish women and the Great War was published by Cambridge University Press in 2020. It won the National University of Ireland Publication Prize in Irish History in 2021 and was shortlisted for the Royal Historical Society Whitfield Prize. She has published extensively on the social history of Ireland’s experience during the First World War and its aftermath.</span><p></p><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.24298; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.22469329833984375pt; margin-right: 18.98419189453125pt; margin-top: 26.682144165039062pt; margin: 26.6821pt 18.9842pt 0pt 0.224693pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.0329437pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.0329437pt;"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Walsh served as secretary of the Women’s History Association of Ireland from 2020 to 2023.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2454; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.23567962646484375pt; margin-right: 130.76434326171875pt; margin-top: 30.04754638671875pt; margin: 30.0475pt 130.764pt 0pt 0.23568pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.13176pt; text-indent: -0.13176pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10.98pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">********************* <b>FORTHCOMING LECTURES</b> ********************** </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society’s 2023 – 2024 lecture series </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">continues in February and March in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">22/03/2024 Dr Shane Browne will deliver a talk titled </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">"Playing at war"?: The Waterford National Volunteers, 1914-17. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">26/04/2024 Prof. Terence Dooley will deliver a talk titled </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">The Irish Land Commission and its archives: why they should be opened to the research public </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">*********************<b> ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING</b> ********************** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society’s AGM </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">will be held in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre a<b>t 8pm on April 12th, 2024</b>. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">The committee would like to encourage any members</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">who are interested in joining the committee to contact </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">any of the current committee members. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">The on-going success of the Society depends on enthusiastic members </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14.64px; white-space: pre;">volunteering a small amount of time each month.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.1376pt; margin-top: 30.5063pt;"><br /></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Waterford, Co. Waterford, X91 YX61, Ireland52.260318 -7.114157752.176321615734615 -7.2514868015625 52.344314384265381 -6.9768285984375tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-46795394972992429982024-01-22T11:39:00.001+00:002024-01-22T11:39:20.836+00:00Upcoming Lecture by Mr Tony Hennessy : ‘Annestown, Lovely Annestown...' Friday 26/01/24<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> On Friday 26th January 2024, g<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">enealogist and local historian Tony Hennessy, will deliver a talk titled ‘‘Annestown, Lovely Annestown – oh do you wonder why I dream of you!’’. </span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOshYkXxqfOiV8D03y8CgfeGNYme1mhUSSSsDfy5Rah2y2hEJ14fpXbVqXMSmEyf1ys9qsVr_wxLDmIpmIHy6KLiujE4tkuIUsiIwFtegJoPPYuv0QQUkAGSDzOFr6bAWcQiIFTSiIDr7cgsy9KRuHcy78bQe3cuxoRdcxECZGmOqHvYai71DQ92vk5rC-/s643/Tony%20at%20NLI%20aUG%202022.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="504" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOshYkXxqfOiV8D03y8CgfeGNYme1mhUSSSsDfy5Rah2y2hEJ14fpXbVqXMSmEyf1ys9qsVr_wxLDmIpmIHy6KLiujE4tkuIUsiIwFtegJoPPYuv0QQUkAGSDzOFr6bAWcQiIFTSiIDr7cgsy9KRuHcy78bQe3cuxoRdcxECZGmOqHvYai71DQ92vk5rC-/s320/Tony%20at%20NLI%20aUG%202022.JPG" width="251" /></a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This talk is an exploration of the origins, history and development of the village of Annestown, Co. Waterford from its beginnings in the very late 1700s, through the 1800s to the mid-1900s, insofar as all that can be encapsulated within a short presentation.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">While the history of Annestown House and its several incumbents ie. Henry Cole, the Palliser and the Galloway families all necessarily play a central part in the story of the Annestown and in the presentation other less prominent members of the community also feature in the story. ‘History remembers the celebrated; genealogy remembers them all’.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tony will be exploring the earliest of days in the shape of fascinating new findings from recent excavations at the nearby promontory fort. Tony will also look at Annestown before it became Annestown. </span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We will hear of The Earl of Enniskillen and his cousin Henry St. George Cole, who played a significant role in the story of Annestown.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>EXCLUSIVE!</b> Tony will also reveal for the first time who the ‘Anne’ of Annestown is!!</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Then there is Ann’s Town Hotel and the latest craze of Sea Bathing - and its impact on the village</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Shipwrecks, seaweed, songs, cycling, cauliflower, a swimming pig and even a village pub may also be discussed, with some wistful poetry to finish.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">As usual, the lecture will take place at 8 PM in St Patrick's Gateway Centre, Patrick Street, Waterford </span></span><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Eircode X91 YX61</span></b></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ592Zp3vsbi9czR8VEGN6pu47uptZzwAAfKXcUcpPkhUl3L8tn_xkwiSsMGlvWN_bNn7YiJPTMGNSaEbIXct7uY5Hnv5-WUG3yrq1lKkiw6LoQNz6C_Fr1C5zKMssuLuWldnFsgsrmI99mEPFIg839rQdCrIiSX2OtGiSRsczSOsxyOvpTzSk2MEPF-DZ/s2048/Annestown%20in%20the%20mist%202022%20cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="2048" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ592Zp3vsbi9czR8VEGN6pu47uptZzwAAfKXcUcpPkhUl3L8tn_xkwiSsMGlvWN_bNn7YiJPTMGNSaEbIXct7uY5Hnv5-WUG3yrq1lKkiw6LoQNz6C_Fr1C5zKMssuLuWldnFsgsrmI99mEPFIg839rQdCrIiSX2OtGiSRsczSOsxyOvpTzSk2MEPF-DZ/w640-h280/Annestown%20in%20the%20mist%202022%20cropped.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Waterford, Co. Waterford, X91 YX61, Ireland52.260318 -7.114157723.950084163821153 -42.2704077 80.570551836178851 28.0420923tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-53894896928982497862024-01-22T11:30:00.002+00:002024-01-23T22:41:09.024+00:00Programme of Events Spring 2024<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Please see below a list of the upcoming lectures up until summer this year, starting Friday, 26/01/24.</span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><table id="m_7734694933890478938table_0" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: small; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><tbody><tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #242424;"><br /></span><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b>26/01/2024 </b></span></span></p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 337.4pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tony Hennessy </span></b></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">Annestown, lovely Annestown, oh do you wonder why I dream of you! </span></i></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">23/02/2024 </span></b></span></p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 337.4pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Fionnuala Walsh </span></b></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Life will never be the same again": Irish women's experiences in the Great War and its aftermath </span></i></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">22/03/2024 </span></b></span></p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 337.4pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Shane Browne </span></b></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Playing at war"?: The Waterford National Volunteers, 1914-17 </span></i></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">12/04/2024 </span></b></span></p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 337.4pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Annual General Meeting </span></b></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">26/04/2024 </span></b></span></p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 337.4pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prof. Terence Dooley </span></b></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Irish Land Commission and its archives: why they should be opened to the research public </span></i></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></i></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">31/05/2024 </span></b></span></p></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; vertical-align: top; width: 337.4pt;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Edel Bhreathnach </span></b></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>Ardmore, Lismore and Waterford: a tale of three competing medieval churches</i> </span></span></p><div><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-66975152278032755742023-11-20T11:41:00.000+00:002023-11-20T11:41:06.985+00:00Upcoming Lecture 24/11/23 : New Perspectives on the Archaeology of Iron Age 'Celtic' Ireland' by Dr Katharina Becker<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our final lecture of the year will take place on Friday 24th November at 8pm in St Patrick's Gateway Center, Patrick Street, Waterford. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Topic : New Perspectives on the Archaeology of Iron Age 'Celtic' Ireland'.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd3-gj77B5ToRNr1DnunnESnyZZVbGlqDocvPvMtW-H-2W5CdWy8pgA5Hf7QSmYvD7aQm3dmJcs38toAcNKsjQlwG8-B_nDd2D7Kof4SvBANj_tc6msbL5KLtThyzUjpQqtODrIe9pp2UU1ytlRyPiRMHy2L7KEdX535ZkygJupkjb2bnLxZV6B-QZZ9LT/s2245/Becker_WAHS_20231124_poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd3-gj77B5ToRNr1DnunnESnyZZVbGlqDocvPvMtW-H-2W5CdWy8pgA5Hf7QSmYvD7aQm3dmJcs38toAcNKsjQlwG8-B_nDd2D7Kof4SvBANj_tc6msbL5KLtThyzUjpQqtODrIe9pp2UU1ytlRyPiRMHy2L7KEdX535ZkygJupkjb2bnLxZV6B-QZZ9LT/w453-h640/Becker_WAHS_20231124_poster.jpg" width="453" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">In this lecture Dr Becker will explore the fundamental changes in our knowledge and interpretation of the archaeology of Ireland's Iron Age past. Until recently the people and communities who lived in Ireland during the Iron Age were solely visible through finds of 'Celtic' Iron Age artefacts. These objects were mostly found in the northern half of the island which led scholars to ponder what sort of society existed in those parts of the country, like Waterford, where these objects were not found. New discoveries, from archaeological excavation and other research, over recent decades now allows us to reconstruct the lifeways of local Iron Age populations across the whole island and to re-visit old questions relating to the cultural and ethnic identity of the people who lived here in this formative period.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Katharina Becker is Senior Lecturer in Archaeology in University College Cork, where she teaches on the Late Bronze Age and Iron Archaeology of Ireland, Britain and Europe. Her research is focused on the archaeology of Later Prehistoric Ireland, about which she has published extensively. Katharina is director of UCC's <a href="https://www.ucc.ie/en/cka03/" target="_blank">Higher Diploma in Archaeology</a>, a 1-year conversion degree for anyone who already has an undergraduate degree in another subject and would like to obtain an Archaeology qualification, she is always delighted to chat to potential new students.</span></p><div><br /></div>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Waterford, Co. Waterford, X91 YX61, Ireland52.260318 -7.114157723.950084163821153 -42.2704077 80.570551836178851 28.0420923tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-71247251033981816612023-10-22T17:37:00.003+01:002023-10-22T17:43:21.644+01:00Just Published BLAA-THERINGS by Cian Manning<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> BLAA-THERINGS</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">STORIES FROM THE GENTLE COUNTY, WATERFORD </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> BLAA-THERINGS is a collection of stories that look at the forgotten, unusual and quirky tales and lives that concern the history of the Gentle County, Waterford.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicDvHOLRz4N6ofI9Rme_GuggpGM58cuH5Ty_ZLAMg2EzWbPNjWWrIMb1x_SYEqOp8A8nXrnZvNz39_6XflR4pA_vtq1NSoQs21y6ZsgQO7xM2kdK5gCNk_WsaKrTKQxpT1KxV6kBJw29op2UC3ht1r7Foh7pK66uv3c0SmEl9NGOU5o52xO7F00dGpGrfH/s425/Blaatherings_2023_cover_17.10.2023.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="283" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicDvHOLRz4N6ofI9Rme_GuggpGM58cuH5Ty_ZLAMg2EzWbPNjWWrIMb1x_SYEqOp8A8nXrnZvNz39_6XflR4pA_vtq1NSoQs21y6ZsgQO7xM2kdK5gCNk_WsaKrTKQxpT1KxV6kBJw29op2UC3ht1r7Foh7pK66uv3c0SmEl9NGOU5o52xO7F00dGpGrfH/w266-h400/Blaatherings_2023_cover_17.10.2023.jpg" width="266" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> From colourful local characters to titans of European and World History, this eclectic assortment of essays is easy reading for those who wish to discover stories about unfamiliar figures in remarkable times during the history of Waterford city and county.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> There's something for everyone, from music and sport to economics and politics. All these tales come with a Deise-view, that transforms blackguarding to blaggarding into BLAA-THERINGS.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">A SELECTION OF WATERFORD STORIES: </span></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TAKE ME TO THE RIVER: THE SWEET SUIR IN SONG & STORY</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ANNE HUNTER: WATERFORD POETESS & HAYDN’S MUSE? </span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>‘cogomen of the “untouched”’: WATERFORD & A FOILED-PLOT IN THE 1798 REBELLION</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>KATE TOWNSEND (1830s – 1883): ‘QUEEN OF THE DEMIMONDE’ </span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>WILLIAM J. KENNY: WATERFORD’S BRITISH CONSUL-GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES, 1903-1908</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>DENIS A. MCCARTHY: CARRICK-BORN POET OF BOSTON</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A WATERFORD CHANGELING?: ADOPTION & ABDUCTION ABSURDITIES IN 1880</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>THE WATERFORD ‘WATCHDOG OF ECUADOR’: COMMODORE JAMES F. POWER</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MOUNTFORD LUPTON: REMAINS WITH ROYAL CONNECTIONS</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>KUBELÍK CAN: A CZECH VIOLINIST AT THE THEATRE ROYAL</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>P.A. POWERS: MICKEY MOUSE’S WATERFORD CONNECTION </span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LUCIE DORICE WHITE: TEN YEARS IN SOVIET RUSSIA</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MICHEAL O’BRIEN & THE FIRST TELEVISION SET IN WATERFORD CITY</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>EDWARD MORLAND LEWIS (1903 – 1943): A WELSH OFFICER ARTIST IN WATERFORD</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MARY LARKIN: A BIGAMOUS BARMAID OR SOCIETY’S SHAME?</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">⦁<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TOWER AT WATERFORD BY L.S. LOWRY (1965)</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Available from Amazon at </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/BLAA-THERINGS-STORIES-GENTLE-COUNTY-WATERFORD/dp/B0CL3K4T21/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3TS49478N1V6B&keywords=blaatherings&qid=1697536805&sprefix=blaatherings%2Caps%2C3838&sr=8-1" style="font-family: verdana;" target="_blank">Blaa-therings by Cian Manning</a></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-44038477997816223112023-10-12T11:02:00.000+01:002023-10-12T11:02:04.748+01:00Upcoming Lecture 20/10/23 : The Lure of the Sea in Georgian Ireland by Dr Vandra Costello<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Dr Vandra Costello, will deliver a talk titled <i>The lure of the sea in Georgian Ireland</i> , <i>how the pursuit of the sublime and the fashion for sea bathing changed the appearance of the coast and the ways in which people engaged with the sea’</i> to the Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society at <b>8 pm on Friday, October 20th</b> in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre, Waterford (Eircode X91 YX61).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLvThUFykmYhgd64y5tX-QO4cHoJnrexTCvGLNk3g4u05rQjZ05avz5DE6_Xk24e8P70T_U-OoMh7OuYDvkvUDbm8V5xon4ztzD9LcLy8A8D_X5Dsn8Eya0m_gjqMvVMiEEPnWf7tgRR2WBOUNL34SLvP4Bjo_jHm6wHlUO1mx4dC8WbhW7G3yeHxj5B7P/s2245/WAHS%20Oct%2020th,%202023_Vandra%20Costello_poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLvThUFykmYhgd64y5tX-QO4cHoJnrexTCvGLNk3g4u05rQjZ05avz5DE6_Xk24e8P70T_U-OoMh7OuYDvkvUDbm8V5xon4ztzD9LcLy8A8D_X5Dsn8Eya0m_gjqMvVMiEEPnWf7tgRR2WBOUNL34SLvP4Bjo_jHm6wHlUO1mx4dC8WbhW7G3yeHxj5B7P/w452-h640/WAHS%20Oct%2020th,%202023_Vandra%20Costello_poster.jpg" width="452" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">From the mid-eighteenth-century seaside resorts began to develop in Ireland and the practice of sea bathing was first popularised. In her lecture, Vandra Costello will explore notions of the therapeutic benefits of sea air which led the aristocracy to build or reorientate houses to give views of, and access to, the sea with resulting effects on coastal landscapes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Vandra Costello is a garden writer and historic gardens and landscape historian. She publishes widely on garden and landscape history and is the author of Irish Demesne Landscapes 1660–1740 (Four Courts Press, 2015).</span></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Patrick St, Waterford, Ireland52.260276999999988 -7.114178952.25502304343712 -7.122761968847656 52.265530956562856 -7.1055958311523435tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-25694367991095490732023-09-18T18:45:00.000+01:002023-09-18T18:45:47.513+01:00Upcoming Lecture : The Ordnance Survey in Ireland 1824 – 1913 by Richard Kirwan on 29/09/23<p><br /></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><b><i>This lecture will be held exceptionally in the Medieval Museum</i></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society 2023 – 2024 lecture series commences at 8 pm on Friday, September 29th in The Medieval Museum, Waterford Treasures, Waterford (Eircode X91 K10E) when Richard Kirwan, former Director, Ordnance Survey Ireland, will deliver a talk titled ‘The Ordnance Survey in Ireland 1824 – 1913’.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju0GaZlyJK1MKm4cG4NpwL9iQWRB4_U5-hpbVG3oql9MXfUQgWDte3WedmKCvTNrLKWk1eYS3zpq5b5uRrQPdzLe9Sp1SxzyfkshqJVicQDFg7aWzk_1pjgBHVhKAVX5dZA34G2y7YGNiELZw_2P_zd0cJ2B2CB0QvypF2_VjOLekjWc9-dvepQkKmn7QW/s2245/WAHS_20230929_Kirwan%20poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju0GaZlyJK1MKm4cG4NpwL9iQWRB4_U5-hpbVG3oql9MXfUQgWDte3WedmKCvTNrLKWk1eYS3zpq5b5uRrQPdzLe9Sp1SxzyfkshqJVicQDFg7aWzk_1pjgBHVhKAVX5dZA34G2y7YGNiELZw_2P_zd0cJ2B2CB0QvypF2_VjOLekjWc9-dvepQkKmn7QW/w452-h640/WAHS_20230929_Kirwan%20poster.jpg" width="452" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">In this lecture Richard Kirwan will present an overview of the establishment and work of the Ordnance Survey in mapping the country in the 19th and early 20th centuries.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Irish Ordnance Survey was established by the Duke of Wellington in 1824 resulting from a parliamentary select committee’s investigation into the inequitable land valuation system in the country. The Survey’s primary purpose was to provide maps for a new valuation. Major General Thomas Colby, scientist, mathematician, and a man of singular focus was appointed Director General with overall responsibility for carrying out the work.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The maps were to be compiled at a then unprecedented scale of six inches to one mile, a map scale never before used for mapping an entire country. Colby was faced with major challenges. There was no readily available suitable workforce. Hence his first major task was to train sufficient surveyors and cartographers. For the most part, instrumentation had to be manufactured and, in some cases, invented. Work practices had to be put in place to carry out this major task within a reasonable time scale.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Initially, the six-inch map was to only include townland boundaries, communication infrastructure and an outline of urban areas. But after widespread criticism about the lack of detail and hence the difficulty with accurate valuation, field boundaries together with areas were added on Colby’s initiative.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">It took a workforce of two-thousand five-hundred men, comprising military surveyors and civil assistants, twenty-two years to complete the mapping, the maps of County Kerry being the last to be published in 1846. By 1857 contours had been added to the six-inch map. A first revision of the six-inch was undertaken immediately, beginning in the northern counties. This revision was superseded in 1887 by a new map at a larger scale of 1:2500 which was needed for land conveyancing, resulting from the various Land Acts of that time. This mapping was complete by 1913 and subject to a further revision.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Placenames were an important attribute of the new maps. Anglicized versions of townland names were to be used. Initially these were collected by the military survey officers with the version of the name supplied by the majority of sources to be used for each townland. Thomas Larcom disagreed with this method when he took over responsibility for placenames. He appointed a Gaelic scholar, John O’Donovan, to assist him with deciphering the anglicized townland names which most closely resembled the original forms of the Irish names. O’Donovan spent ten years travelling Ireland collecting the names and researching their origins in private and public libraries. O’Donovan’s letters to Larcom, in addition to placenames information, also included details of antiquities, local history and, in many cases, humorous details of local customs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ordnance Survey also produced town plans at a very large scale of major cities and towns between 1827 and 1842, none of which were ever published. For instance, it produced eleven very detailed maps of Waterford in 1840 which could provide valuable detail to the historian on life in the city at that time. It was not until 1872 that town plans, not as detailed, of Waterford were published. The first one-inch maps of the country were produced in the 1850s and updated through to 1913</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Richard Kirwan, is a native of Waterford, he was educated at both Mount Sion and De La Salle schools. He graduated as a civil engineer from University College Cork, where he undertook post graduate studies. Richard is also a graduate of the School of Military Survey in the UK and of Trinity College Dublin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">He spent most of his career working in Ordnance Survey Ireland, initially as senior technical officer before becoming Assistant Director and Director from 1996 until 2006. He also was a founder member and president of the European National Mapping Agencies. After his career in Ordnance Survey, Richard undertook consultancy work, advising National Mapping Agencies in Eastern Europe and South America on the use of modern technology in mapping.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">In his early years at Ordnance Survey, he was responsible for the modernisation of the organisation, particularly for pioneering the introduction of digital technologies into mapmaking. During his tenure, Ordnance Survey totally remapped the country, producing both large scale maps and the tourist 1:50,000 scale maps, completing the task in 2005. He also undertook computerising the historic maps of Ireland and publishing them on the internet.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Richard has published two books,<i> If Maps could Speak</i> which won praise from Brian Friel, and a novel <i>Minding Jack</i>, a story set in the streets of Waterford in 1964.</span></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Waterford, Co. Waterford, X91 K10E, Ireland52.2598595 -7.107052299999999423.949625663821152 -42.2633023 80.570093336178843 28.0491977tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-80684942596751736312023-08-24T19:00:00.000+01:002023-08-24T19:00:54.187+01:00Outing to Kilbarry Church with Dave Pollock 27/08/23<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Join us at Kilbarry at 2pm on Sunday afternoon for our last Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society outing of the summer when Dave Pollock, local archaeologist, will show us around Kilbarry church and graveyard in Waterford's western suburbs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSBBYLsGNyYSH8gwJAzJvYaym8Ou7GiYZUYcS9ejnKuDqzIK_Z2rQJo93A4gbRddtXpjCen456y-HlbcH8x5_yqHDOmbdSjoFex23z65PqCz0TmeJyuvuYauYUibOBecCw4P5IXj4B-SQ8xiH4QFPOe-wHPgkYddGd6PldtiocwueJBDKu9REuFgBxfAEy/s1999/WAHS%20Kilbarry%20outing%2020230827%20flyer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="1414" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSBBYLsGNyYSH8gwJAzJvYaym8Ou7GiYZUYcS9ejnKuDqzIK_Z2rQJo93A4gbRddtXpjCen456y-HlbcH8x5_yqHDOmbdSjoFex23z65PqCz0TmeJyuvuYauYUibOBecCw4P5IXj4B-SQ8xiH4QFPOe-wHPgkYddGd6PldtiocwueJBDKu9REuFgBxfAEy/w452-h640/WAHS%20Kilbarry%20outing%2020230827%20flyer.jpg" width="452" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">We meet on Sunday, August 27th at 2pm in the Lacken Road Business Park (X91 YK49)</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kilbarry is best known for the remains of its medieval church, which was controlled by the Knights Templar in the 12th and 13th century. However, this part of Waterford has a rich heritage stretching from the earliest Neolithic farmers to the late medieval period which has been revealed in a series of archaeological excavations directed by Dave Pollock in the vicinity of the church.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Members Free, & €5 for Non-Members.</span><br /></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Lacken Road, Waterford, Ireland52.2336273 -7.130969123.923393463821157 -42.2872191 80.543861136178847 28.0252809tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-38645027979892479272023-08-14T15:32:00.000+01:002023-08-14T15:32:07.717+01:00Free Event for Heritage Week 2023 - Short Talks <p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> As its contribution to National Heritage Week the Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society is delighted to host a free public event on Friday Aug. 18th at 6 pm in St Patrick's Gateway Centre, Waterford. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The event comprises a series of short talks by members of the Society on various aspects of Waterford 's rich heritage. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The talks will cover a miscellany of subjects ranging from Waterford's oldest continuously inhabited house to tales of the patriot Thomas Francis Meagher and more besides.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFM7R_XwwT3N8nJK93UQRuK6m_caVTTjH8xAQOd9F8UfohWuGlxo-6xNfJ1Sz-Echr7foOJ8QeJuWSwgR2GZm3i7fESRUc2TXUzlQZONGAaq4eqnqwnRWmV3gurXStletp9VE66cDLYOugN3fR5mmmr1BzM7fbfagpRoE3gFneX6NFG1mRzc6WAyz0pX4U/s1999/20230814_105407_0000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="1414" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFM7R_XwwT3N8nJK93UQRuK6m_caVTTjH8xAQOd9F8UfohWuGlxo-6xNfJ1Sz-Echr7foOJ8QeJuWSwgR2GZm3i7fESRUc2TXUzlQZONGAaq4eqnqwnRWmV3gurXStletp9VE66cDLYOugN3fR5mmmr1BzM7fbfagpRoE3gFneX6NFG1mRzc6WAyz0pX4U/w453-h640/20230814_105407_0000.jpg" width="453" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Waterford, Co. Waterford, X91 YX61, Ireland52.260318 -7.114157749.489410072501371 -11.50868895 55.031225927498625 -2.71962645tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-52373694967675181702023-08-08T16:41:00.001+01:002023-08-08T16:42:39.028+01:00Outing to Passage East with John Burke 10/08/2023<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Join us for an outing to historic Passage East, on the west shore of Waterford Harbour. Passage East's location has meant that over the centuries it has been a fishing port, fortress and ferry point. The village's rich heritage reflects these various functions. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our outing will be led by John Burke, noted local historian and author.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpSwFiVQKaETevyHNUqw5q-pbILcvYxyqSB7b4fzwOONh498AwSa1if_wmHlGb2dYJrpiTsrvLLLVbHHzaW5LRENCtMt2DqPRQp79e1Osqdh4_MVEg5BjVYaADJT5Bh48_TVPF0_KVyv48sgsZ0-1B8ASGdyzW7CRMrfOOvw1oPGn8EkbMDlP_BeiMMQ7p/s1553/Screenshot_20230808_123852_com.google.android.gm_edit_486655965316365.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1553" data-original-width="1049" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpSwFiVQKaETevyHNUqw5q-pbILcvYxyqSB7b4fzwOONh498AwSa1if_wmHlGb2dYJrpiTsrvLLLVbHHzaW5LRENCtMt2DqPRQp79e1Osqdh4_MVEg5BjVYaADJT5Bh48_TVPF0_KVyv48sgsZ0-1B8ASGdyzW7CRMrfOOvw1oPGn8EkbMDlP_BeiMMQ7p/w270-h400/Screenshot_20230808_123852_com.google.android.gm_edit_486655965316365.jpg" width="270" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-28542548632231656952023-07-27T12:56:00.004+01:002023-07-27T12:56:24.180+01:00Outing to Inistioge & Woodstock 30/07/2023<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> On Sunday 30 July 2023, at 2.00pm</b>, join us for an outing to picturesque Inistioge, on the banks of the River Nore in south Kilkenny. The town's rich heritage reflects its medieval origins and shows the influence of the Tighe family of Woodstock House in the 18th and 19th centuries. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our outing will be led by Ben Murtagh, expert on Inistioge's archaeology and medieval history, and John Kirwan, who has extensively researched the role the Tighe family played in the later development of the town.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Z2IogOHDkRmU1G1LvEJni7CGLVL7PM380x_v9v0IADuKitd7fy7WBv43QXuBFgOwe7DkCfiXSyVNfGkQ8VZbQVzKbeSuI-qJ2oxmp6SYQBEwjZUl_S89afliONcbgrnpdbVqtqEjD1ShEoHf-i2pGshDwONWtRpGKHhrzWwB6M1tXP5Qv4D-shyIenPU/s1999/WAHS%20outing%20flyer_%20Inistioge%20&%20Woodstock%2030072023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="1414" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Z2IogOHDkRmU1G1LvEJni7CGLVL7PM380x_v9v0IADuKitd7fy7WBv43QXuBFgOwe7DkCfiXSyVNfGkQ8VZbQVzKbeSuI-qJ2oxmp6SYQBEwjZUl_S89afliONcbgrnpdbVqtqEjD1ShEoHf-i2pGshDwONWtRpGKHhrzWwB6M1tXP5Qv4D-shyIenPU/w452-h640/WAHS%20outing%20flyer_%20Inistioge%20&%20Woodstock%2030072023.jpg" width="452" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-50229379239762275312023-07-19T14:43:00.002+01:002023-07-19T14:43:13.304+01:00Outing to Creaden Head 23 July 2023<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsy_N6EzYPW00AArr9WhoFkxqqr53LDOWVq7-PrO6iTCNNOWq4bMrnrSoJaRUrw18aJouxAHUiQXXcJSQ1BdBXNlyHiixbcMOWYvlfftEk5kK5-XD33xMGS7ARSPifxG550GHTYNjyDWZ-BC4Y2WrqUquSoAjYNDWGY_plQ6SxQ0fIQ1_tbogBBXWkmLK3/s1999/WAHS%20Jul%2023%20Creadan%20Head%20outing%20flyer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="1414" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsy_N6EzYPW00AArr9WhoFkxqqr53LDOWVq7-PrO6iTCNNOWq4bMrnrSoJaRUrw18aJouxAHUiQXXcJSQ1BdBXNlyHiixbcMOWYvlfftEk5kK5-XD33xMGS7ARSPifxG550GHTYNjyDWZ-BC4Y2WrqUquSoAjYNDWGY_plQ6SxQ0fIQ1_tbogBBXWkmLK3/s320/WAHS%20Jul%2023%20Creadan%20Head%20outing%20flyer.jpg" width="226" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /> For many years the late Noel McDonagh explored the archaeology of Creadan head, the striking peninsula at the mouth of Waterford Harbour. In recent years the Portalis Project, based in SETU, brought together a multidisciplinary team to build on this work researching the archaeology, geology and social history of the headland. On our outing next Sunday afternoon we have an opportunity to meet members of the team and hear about the research that they have been carrying out.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">As parking is limited on the headland, and out of consideration for local residents, the Portalis Project have kindly organised a mini-bus to transfer members from the carpark at Holy Cross Church, Killea, Dunmore East to Creadan Head at 1:30 pm. </span></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-20131041149065278272023-07-11T14:39:00.001+01:002023-07-19T14:42:55.008+01:00Outing to Newtown School, 13 July 2023<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYO_2ztI3kvsxDd57yYtGFGhFDeckP3A7nOqKtJJ6IZLLyHAm4gn5Diols11i3gIw5ZN07U4Fpfl6xww-ZI_B3dwpFWjTreeTayHm2uiW5xziPRdmorsuH983Zdknc174O-ngAnEQlgcA1K9uFEZ5bXC-MuFunn6yQJ3tr9ce0czEt8qON0h2p37gWrDe/s1999/WAHS%20Jul%2013th%20Newtown%20School%20evening%20outing%20flyer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="1414" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYO_2ztI3kvsxDd57yYtGFGhFDeckP3A7nOqKtJJ6IZLLyHAm4gn5Diols11i3gIw5ZN07U4Fpfl6xww-ZI_B3dwpFWjTreeTayHm2uiW5xziPRdmorsuH983Zdknc174O-ngAnEQlgcA1K9uFEZ5bXC-MuFunn6yQJ3tr9ce0czEt8qON0h2p37gWrDe/s320/WAHS%20Jul%2013th%20Newtown%20School%20evening%20outing%20flyer.jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">This year marks the 225</span><sup>th</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">anniversary of Newtown School.</span></span><p></p><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Please Join us for a historical stroll around the School and Grounds with Joe Falvey, historian and former teacher. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Meet at Newtown School (X91 XR20) at 7pm, Thursday, July 13th .</span></div><div><br /></div>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-13242413406796683072023-06-08T21:31:00.001+01:002023-06-08T21:31:16.423+01:00Upcoming Outing : Tramore, with Paul Brent on 11th June 2023<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our first Summer Outing will take place in Tramore on Sunday 11th June 2023.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Meet near The Coast Guard Cultural Centre (Eircode X91 HP63) at 2pm</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our guide </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12pt;">Paul Brent will tell members and guests the history of the following as we walk.</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Doneraile family and the Walk named after them</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Tramore Coastguard building</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Wrecks of Tramore Bay</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Metal Man</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Harbour in Lady Elizabeth's Cove</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Lady Doneraile's Cove</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Officer's tombstone on the Doneraile walk</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Coastguard Gun Battery</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Abraham Denny Architect and his home</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Coastguard Iron Armstrong Coastal Defence Gun on the Doneraile</span></li></ul></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">We will visit Christ Church to view the Sea Horse Monument before walking back by Albion House and Tramore Tennis Club.<br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Members free, non-members €5.00</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0_8IZo6dEi0c2F0tAUVg1sgUg8VWSDvQk6GSw6gEoMWZ9eqvXgTueJg6nifraIohemK5sVgBy_pwfCdC8Yq9Rp7pw4ITJTWviz5FPKA_j0xSUAduNlU27pLKoUmoVppCpnBD42PbpJ0rYxGYkvWB9-0acR6YOUzlrKRsMAR_zsWhSf_k7XdA-0z0Exw/s1999/WAHS_Doneraile%20Walk%20outing_20230611%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="1414" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0_8IZo6dEi0c2F0tAUVg1sgUg8VWSDvQk6GSw6gEoMWZ9eqvXgTueJg6nifraIohemK5sVgBy_pwfCdC8Yq9Rp7pw4ITJTWviz5FPKA_j0xSUAduNlU27pLKoUmoVppCpnBD42PbpJ0rYxGYkvWB9-0acR6YOUzlrKRsMAR_zsWhSf_k7XdA-0z0Exw/w452-h640/WAHS_Doneraile%20Walk%20outing_20230611%201.jpg" width="452" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Tramore West, Tramore, Co. Waterford, X91 HP63, Ireland52.1561084 -7.158675946.993857213351717 -15.94773839999999 57.318359586648285 1.6303865999999889tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-25862278368338251112023-05-16T10:34:00.006+01:002023-05-16T10:34:52.808+01:00Upcoming Lecture on 26 May 2023 : Jewish Footprints in Provincial Ireland and the Minority Experience by Trisha Oakley Kessler<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society 2022 – 2023 lecture series concludes at 8 pm on Friday, May 26th in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre, Waterford (Eircode X91 YX61) when Dr Trisha Oakley Kessler, research associate, Woolf Institute, Cambridge, will deliver a talk titled ‘Jewish Footprints in Provincial Ireland and the Minority Experience’.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GSv0qHGuzT4gzita5rWdbOWTUkxZRptZKLFc758539-XWZwtLCRNjpB3eYZI8G73ur9CFiQf1XI7XU5YgZsXGXciapEIRMYAlcoFnkNwpZYyjRPnX4-miLwrplvJabQJsfQ9V1jelffKr5ylVBEBz0snnwNsA0PENHwuhY0b7xCkCTb29CnQnN_eOw/s823/Goodman%20advert.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="823" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GSv0qHGuzT4gzita5rWdbOWTUkxZRptZKLFc758539-XWZwtLCRNjpB3eYZI8G73ur9CFiQf1XI7XU5YgZsXGXciapEIRMYAlcoFnkNwpZYyjRPnX4-miLwrplvJabQJsfQ9V1jelffKr5ylVBEBz0snnwNsA0PENHwuhY0b7xCkCTb29CnQnN_eOw/w640-h454/Goodman%20advert.png" width="640" /></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Harry Goodman ran a photographic studio in Waterford from 1900, branching out to open other studios in Tramore and Carrick-on-Suir over the following decade. This undated photograph of a shopkeeper in Waterford could well be that of Isaac Levi in his shop on John Street. Levi’s wife, Florie Goldring, was, according to the 1901 Irish census, also a photographer and most likely working with Goodman. She may have taken this photograph. Seemingly, Goodman was successful in his profession, photographing Irish men, women and children. By doing so, he created a visual recording of provincial Irish lives that hopefully have been passed down the generations. Yet, ironically, the only visible artefacts of Goodman’s life in Waterford are his embossed signature on this photograph and several announcements in the local paper regarding his studios. This raises the question of why there are so few traces of Jewish lives outside the larger communities in Dublin, Belfast, Cork and Limerick.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Trisha Oakley Kessler’s talk will map the presence of Jews in provincial Ireland in the early decades of the twentieth century to explore how they negotiated belonging and identity during a period in which the Irish people were also navigating political, economic and social change. Exploring the Jewish minority experience highlights concepts of agency, visibility and invisibility. In addition, it examines minority strategies as Jews engaged in new encounters to find a sense of place in Ireland.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4MS9LURX296HIB-ALAp3zHmbjpw_7PRZrZJGk7iAZJ-mEKb1t51pa0CQxF_d_6M-m6kCR6JTjbQFuV6WAimxQp1D-qIBEyIzUZgJ9WvvO5fPEQELOElDqqw_iBVn7F8K9uw_464GJUl9vjPEyg08KVowG-WtgGhM_YDSVFpYooNXSAI79lUOqcJc-Bw/s325/Trisha%20Oakley.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="240" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4MS9LURX296HIB-ALAp3zHmbjpw_7PRZrZJGk7iAZJ-mEKb1t51pa0CQxF_d_6M-m6kCR6JTjbQFuV6WAimxQp1D-qIBEyIzUZgJ9WvvO5fPEQELOElDqqw_iBVn7F8K9uw_464GJUl9vjPEyg08KVowG-WtgGhM_YDSVFpYooNXSAI79lUOqcJc-Bw/w148-h200/Trisha%20Oakley.png" width="148" /></a>Dr Trisha Oakley Kessler explores the Irish economy through a socio-cultural lens to understand everyday life, racism, nationalism and gender in Irish history. Her doctoral thesis from University College Dublin explored political and economic change in 1930s Ireland through the prism of three factories established in provincial Ireland by Jewish refugees, which helped to build a new ladies' hat industry. How these factories came into existence, the economic networks that enabled them to arrive, the challenges they faced entering the Irish economy and their political and economic impact offer a prism to explore identity, modernity, belonging and industrial change. She is interested in the workings and the shifting meanings of factories in twentieth-century Irish provincial life.</span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Her research interests also focus on the Irish-Jewish community and Irish-Jewish encounters in Ireland and the diaspora. Working with ‘ego documents’, autobiographical writing including memoirs, private correspondence and oral histories, she is working on a social-cultural history of Jews in the Irish economy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Trisha has taught on a Special Subject Paper, 'An alternative history of Ireland: religious minorities and identity in the 26 counties, 1900-1959' at the Faculty of History, University of Cambridge, where she also supervises undergraduates on modern Irish history. In addition, Trisha is a Co-Convenor of the Cambridge Modern Irish History Seminar. She is a Research Associate at the Woolf Institute Cambridge and a Non-Stipendiary Teaching Research Fellow at the Herzog Centre, Trinity College Dublin.</span></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-23435368999618901792023-04-20T10:45:00.000+01:002023-04-20T10:45:25.028+01:00Upcoming Lecture by Dr Meriel McClatchie: Food and Farming in Co Waterford, Evidence from Archaeological Excavations<p>The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society 2022 – 2023 lecture series continues at <b>8 pm</b> on <b>Friday, April 28th</b> in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre, Waterford (Eircode X91 YX61) when Dr Meriel McClatchie, Associate Professor, School of Archaeology, UCD, will deliver a talk titled ‘Food and Farming in Co. Waterford: Evidence from Archaeological Investigations’.</p><p> </p><p>In this lecture Dr McClatchie will examine food and farming in Co. Waterford over the past 10,000 years, based upon evidence from archaeological excavations. Food remains are often recovered during archaeological excavations, most often in the form of animal bones and plant components such as seeds. The study of this material is known as zooarchaeology and archaeobotany, respectively. The lecture will focus more on archaeobotany, which is Meriel’s main area of research, but zooarchaeology will also be included.</p><p><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdi0EoJVD01vSxg0tZQ7wjHpQTVXPlKGYqWcMeL7FXtva1POGdv6wnspMEFjpNCMaQcbtvVNkWcUItrfOiF9hZm9k0BuXkyj9GO9PLRqLtgPfpYTH1ABFoMILqHr1658agXuq5Gats6uhsBQz8nDVQzP1RrDDUGt3kYZ2DIC_F_AN16j4GZ4wQDTDnhQ/s725/20230428_McClatchie%20image_crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="725" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdi0EoJVD01vSxg0tZQ7wjHpQTVXPlKGYqWcMeL7FXtva1POGdv6wnspMEFjpNCMaQcbtvVNkWcUItrfOiF9hZm9k0BuXkyj9GO9PLRqLtgPfpYTH1ABFoMILqHr1658agXuq5Gats6uhsBQz8nDVQzP1RrDDUGt3kYZ2DIC_F_AN16j4GZ4wQDTDnhQ/w400-h221/20230428_McClatchie%20image_crop.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242424; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web (West European)", "Segoe UI", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: start;">Charred plant remains are used by archaeologists to reconstruct past diets and farming practices. Neolithic hazelnut shell (left), Neolithic emmer wheat grains (middle), Bronze Age barley grain (right).</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">) </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p>Archaeobotany is the study of past societies and environments through the analysis of preserved plant remains. These tiny, fragile remains require special conditions to enable their preservation over centuries and millennia. Most often they are preserved because they have been burnt, perhaps when being dried or cooked over a fire, or when dumped into a fire as waste. Plant remains can also become preserved when kept consistently wet (waterlogged), which has been encountered in urban deposits from Viking and medieval Waterford. Although animal bones are more durable than plant remains, they also require certain conditions for preservation. Unfortunately, the acidic soils in some parts of Ireland mean that animal bone does not survive well at all sites, but where they are preserved, they can provide important insights into food choices and animal management practices.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>Meriel’s talk will take several points in time over the past 10,000 years to explore the character of food and farming in Co. Waterford, and how it changed over the years. The earliest archaeological evidence for settlements in Ireland dates to the Mesolithic period, which began around 10,000 years ago. Over the following four millennia, hunter-gatherers made use of many different environments to gather plants above and below ground, hunt (including wild pig) and fish for food. Farming arrived in Ireland almost 6000 years ago, in the first centuries of the Neolithic period. New domesticated crops and animals were brought to Ireland, including emmer wheat and barley, as well as cattle and sheep/goat. During the Bronze Age, which began over 4000 years ago, and the Iron Age, which began over 2500 years ago, new farming management practices emerged, as well as new crops, such spelt wheat. Following the arrival of Christianity during the early medieval period more than 1500 years ago, farming was transformed, both in terms of how it was practised and what was farmed; new crops included oat and legumes. In some areas, there was a shift towards bread wheat from around 800 years ago (the medieval period), and many records of foods being exported from and imported into Ireland; the latter included ‘exotic’ foods such as figs, almonds and walnuts. Finally, during the post-medieval period (from almost 500 years ago), further changes in food choices can be detected, often reflecting changing social and religious practices. This lecture will draw upon case studies from each period over the past 10,000 years to explore changing food practices and what these can reveal about broader society.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiitk2hdkakN-eRiO9acUkCE3EUqNq8XB8VAFQ56FZkZdrFfFdp9NLgdpaDm2usT9bDHHQthcVXQXFoPHpzDh7AlPJqAoJzktrHe79f4qaCdxrC8oCdkH6l01NAaJBstTF0hMrJVMOn9JMPflMlvCOKSBEKJVviS9BZz7H_vT5slxVB2maUGJYv_A487w" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="582" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiitk2hdkakN-eRiO9acUkCE3EUqNq8XB8VAFQ56FZkZdrFfFdp9NLgdpaDm2usT9bDHHQthcVXQXFoPHpzDh7AlPJqAoJzktrHe79f4qaCdxrC8oCdkH6l01NAaJBstTF0hMrJVMOn9JMPflMlvCOKSBEKJVviS9BZz7H_vT5slxVB2maUGJYv_A487w=w200-h188" width="200" /></a><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Meriel McClatchie is an Associate Professor of Archaeology at University College Dublin. She began her studies at University College Cork, where she completed BA and MA degrees in 1995 and 1997, respectively. She later undertook PhD research at University College London (degree awarded 2009). Since her undergraduate studies, Meriel’s main research interest has been what is known as ‘archaeobotany’: the scientific analysis of ancient non-wood plant macro-remains, such as cereal grains and chaff, seeds of other crops, weed seeds, fruit stones and nutshell. Archaeobotany was the basis of both her Masters dissertation at UCC (which explored medieval engagements with plants) and PhD thesis at UCL (which explored food and farming in Bronze Age Ireland). Her current research is focused on archaeology in Europe, with a particular interest in food (from early prehistoric to early modern societies), prehistoric landscapes and settlements. In recent years, she has undertaken fieldwork in Serbia and Tanzania, and she also undertook fieldwork in Uganda during her PhD studies.</p><p></p><p><br /></p><p>Meriel is Director of the Ancient Foods Research Group and the Archaeobotany Laboratory at UCD. Her current major research projects are investigating</p><p>• early modern foodways (Foodcult; <a href="http://www.foodcult.eu">www.foodcult.eu</a>)</p><p>• underutilised crops (Croprevive; <a href="https://www.ucd.ie/archaeology/research/croprevive/">https://www.ucd.ie/archaeology/research/croprevive/</a>) and</p><p>• food storage and security (Foodsec; <a href="https://www.ucd.ie/archaeology/research/foodsec/">https://www.ucd.ie/archaeology/research/foodsec/</a>).</p><p><br /></p><p>All welcome, non-members €5.</p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-21439455766537505582023-04-20T10:43:00.004+01:002023-04-20T10:43:38.526+01:00WAHS Committee 2023 - 2024<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Following the AGM of<span> 31 March 2023</span>, the following committee was elected: </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Officers:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chairperson : Joe Falvey</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div style="text-align: center;">Vice Chair : Erica Fay</div><div style="text-align: center;">Honorary Secretary : Simon Dowling</div><div style="text-align: center;">Honorary Treasurer : Donnchadh Ó'Ceallacháin</div><div style="text-align: center;">PRO : James Eogan</div><div style="text-align: center;">Honorary Editor : David Prendergast</div><div style="text-align: center;">Representative to the Federation of Local History Societies : Clare Walsh</div></span><p></p><p style="background-color: white;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><p style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Committee Members <span style="font-size: x-small;">: </span></span></p><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Anne Cusack</span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Mary Breen</span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Sonny Condon</span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Greta Falvey</span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Michael Farrell</span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Ben Murtach<br /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Béatrice Payet</span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Bill Walsh</span></div><div style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ex Officio :</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Nóra Tubbritt</span></div></div><p style="color: #222222; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-74779044166399584952023-03-29T22:08:00.003+01:002023-03-29T22:08:46.256+01:00AGM 2023<p>Our Annual General Meeting will be held on Friday 31 March 2023 in St Patrick's Gateway Centre at 8pm followed by a presentation by Christina Knight-O'Connor</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaQEsfbncFZ3xYtarsqUODVtz8KJA6joL_sJ5-QCTuN3EE4W-U0dLuhckRiqQCM0cgg1i15SXXW6adtasgzvrcuBAefc8tT37mMnFHOLHHjVP6dZ3V0j9XQJ61KRQdig7e_cri0ccoyw9FyzANbSFlQMi5_U9kDjpGTI7pXParatZc3Akic-kpCetXQ/s2245/WAHS%20AGM%202023_poster.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsaQEsfbncFZ3xYtarsqUODVtz8KJA6joL_sJ5-QCTuN3EE4W-U0dLuhckRiqQCM0cgg1i15SXXW6adtasgzvrcuBAefc8tT37mMnFHOLHHjVP6dZ3V0j9XQJ61KRQdig7e_cri0ccoyw9FyzANbSFlQMi5_U9kDjpGTI7pXParatZc3Akic-kpCetXQ/w452-h640/WAHS%20AGM%202023_poster.png" width="452" /></a></div><br /><p></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-67553939802639574642023-03-16T22:06:00.000+00:002023-03-16T22:06:34.632+00:00 Upcoming Lecture on 24 March 2023 : Digitally Remapping Ireland's Ordnance Survey by Dr Catherine Porter <p><br /></p><p>The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society 2022 – 2023 lecture series continues at <b>8 pm</b> on Friday, March 24th in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre, Waterford (Eircode X91 YX61) when Dr Catherine Porter will deliver a talk titled ‘Digitally Remapping Ireland's Ordnance Survey’.</p><p><br /></p><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv2kuJ19yIDFzUUXDTdaA2R2DeEJgIIbhlwKoATPxSN6xO5dxVxotzeUNJuxGhhwJlhEqZxeWotH656axRdJX5y9Lsi2COj7DiXwLE3CeW8KPxns4GlmQsN3uzVKyNtbMu2zyKb8UwL2clU6S7VlWFguOXtDirJd6egAKGHD6P-yP0utqevnGa25HbXQ/s2245/WAHS%20March%202023%20lecture_poster.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv2kuJ19yIDFzUUXDTdaA2R2DeEJgIIbhlwKoATPxSN6xO5dxVxotzeUNJuxGhhwJlhEqZxeWotH656axRdJX5y9Lsi2COj7DiXwLE3CeW8KPxns4GlmQsN3uzVKyNtbMu2zyKb8UwL2clU6S7VlWFguOXtDirJd6egAKGHD6P-yP0utqevnGa25HbXQ/w452-h640/WAHS%20March%202023%20lecture_poster.png" width="452" /></a></p><p><br /></p><p>In 1824, the first Ordnance Survey of Ireland began in earnest, within two decades accurate six-inch maps had been published for Waterford and many other parts of the country. The maps produced from the survey act as a basis for much of what we read in today’s landscape, in Waterford and across the island. But the geographies of Ireland collected and collated by the Ordnance Survey extend far beyond cartography; other sources detail the natural landscape, built environment, cultural heritage and more. Whilst the material generated from this venture inform today’s conversations on the contested tangible and in-tangible legacies of nineteenth-century Britain in Ireland, it also holds a wealth of information on pre-famine populations and their resilience in the face of an evolving landscape</p><p>In this talk Dr Porter will introduce us to OS200: Digitally Re-mapping Ireland’s Ordnance Survey Heritage, a three-year project co-funded by the Irish Research Council (Ireland) and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (United Kingdom). The research team based at the University of Limerick and Queen’s University Belfast aim to draw together, for the first time since their creation, the maps, memoirs, name books and letters from the first Ordnance Survey of Ireland forming one freely accessible digital resource hosted by Digital Repository Ireland.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>In the lecture Catherine will explore examples of the source materials, explain their importance in understanding the complex histories of the island, and explain how the resource might be used by local historians, researchers and the public.</p><p><br /></p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsZ5kAwfwgEv4KpRB8_TLxqGrZsZo8zuiHhhZ2wn7CMyr_W0aEHMRoemwRb5RhVSawAK_X_QltTsoxn4DZlZXScISdzKAxvqRDa68CcZXN-uvfAjqwIWDnnFTpBNz2Wt8ZbGXA3a6uK-Ssiqj5sIHleXb9yyjdaLF3vWd2gVB6QSaIZD1_6VCfhCFjig/s173/C%20Porter%20headshot.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="173" data-original-width="155" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsZ5kAwfwgEv4KpRB8_TLxqGrZsZo8zuiHhhZ2wn7CMyr_W0aEHMRoemwRb5RhVSawAK_X_QltTsoxn4DZlZXScISdzKAxvqRDa68CcZXN-uvfAjqwIWDnnFTpBNz2Wt8ZbGXA3a6uK-Ssiqj5sIHleXb9yyjdaLF3vWd2gVB6QSaIZD1_6VCfhCFjig/s1600/C%20Porter%20headshot.png" width="155" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Dr Catherine Porter is a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Limerick. A historical geographer, her research interests lie in new ways to approach and analyse early maps and texts, specifically the histories of mapping Ireland from the sixteenth-century to the nineteenth-century. Catherine is currently the Ireland lead investigator of the OS200: Digitally Re-mapping Ireland’s Ordnance Survey Heritage digital humanities project co-funded by the Irish Research Council and the Arts and Humanities Research Council. She also leads a project on the early nineteenth-century ‘Looney Map’ of Tipperary, and through the Royal Irish Academy’s R..J. Hunter grant is exploring the cartography of the confiscated lands of Ulster. She holds the J.B. Harley fellowship in the history of cartography and is a current member of the Royal Irish Academy Historical Studies Committee.</p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Patrick St, Waterford, Ireland52.260276999999988 -7.114178923.950043163821142 -42.2704289 80.57051083617884 28.0420711tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-63940454623476082072023-02-18T14:01:00.000+00:002023-02-18T14:01:40.159+00:00Upcoming Lecture 24 /02 / 2023: Tales of Tramore 1816 -1916 by Paul Brent <p><br /></p><p>In this talk local historian Paul Brent will provide an insight into the lives of the residents and the visitors to Tramore over the period of one hundred years, encompassing the Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian eras, starting with the wreck of the military transport ship “The Sea Horse” and the terrible loss of life that this disaster brought with it. The symbol of the Seahorse has remained as part of the heritage of the town and Waterford Crystal.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv11ZYS88Ng_b1_m8RFd83f3tDiCfhNHxCVdCPGxk72_lExi8n9dxme55TZmrrvqxd5g08ZPCPjt-LOnKlksNf3QleW4qEvkcu8SWUJ988ZaPgnHH8vpf9_sD1ZqyZunLGjbvyVt5XKOMhGEM1flavKxRQiqePGvgbhKd-LYPyyQOJx_K9yKFd2NUh2A/s2245/WAHS%2020230224_Paul%20Brent_poster.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv11ZYS88Ng_b1_m8RFd83f3tDiCfhNHxCVdCPGxk72_lExi8n9dxme55TZmrrvqxd5g08ZPCPjt-LOnKlksNf3QleW4qEvkcu8SWUJ988ZaPgnHH8vpf9_sD1ZqyZunLGjbvyVt5XKOMhGEM1flavKxRQiqePGvgbhKd-LYPyyQOJx_K9yKFd2NUh2A/w453-h640/WAHS%2020230224_Paul%20Brent_poster.jpeg" width="453" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Paul’s talk will cover many other events that had a major impact in the development of the town. As a tourist destination, the infrastructure of the town was designed to cater for the needs of the visitors. Their physical needs were well catered for with the large number of hotels and guest houses built at this time. While the spiritual needs of the two major religious denominations were also catered for by the building of two new churches, the Roman Catholic Holy Cross Church and the Anglican Christ Church.<p></p><p>Tramore is famous for its horse races. Martin J. Murphy played a big part in developing this industry in Tramore. This talk will look at the people, places and events that made Tramore a destination much sought after in the past and also in the present.<br /></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0Waterford, Co. Waterford, X91 YX61, Ireland52.260318 -7.114157723.950084163821153 -42.2704077 80.570551836178851 28.0420923tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-17843106635079705452023-01-22T13:48:00.003+00:002023-01-22T13:48:49.458+00:00Waterfordmen and the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War by Emmet O'Connor<p><br /></p><p>The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society 2022 – 2023 lecture series continues at <b>8 pm </b>on <b>Friday, January 27th</b> in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre, Waterford (Eircode X91 YX61)</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Our first lecture of the year will be delivered by Waterford native Dr Emmet O’Connor, </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi32jVVM8C01DFfqklQHZnL9nafIin-hiLWL7jYCZB1s5Fb8awcxE8j_y7V87GfAuT5wOn6GAAtRmrRlEi0jv0tikY55lETESk2DHDhoNkta10YUijxRHAT-d1OZb9e1RR3b4-gge0oFRZKVpR_2_4tpNyeOH6vF3fCbFPXGT9PSSWAthsyi_bB5Tqhzg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="466" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi32jVVM8C01DFfqklQHZnL9nafIin-hiLWL7jYCZB1s5Fb8awcxE8j_y7V87GfAuT5wOn6GAAtRmrRlEi0jv0tikY55lETESk2DHDhoNkta10YUijxRHAT-d1OZb9e1RR3b4-gge0oFRZKVpR_2_4tpNyeOH6vF3fCbFPXGT9PSSWAthsyi_bB5Tqhzg" width="185" /></a></div>a senior lecturer in Ulster University who has published widely on labour history including, with Barry McLoughlin, <i>In Spanish Trenches: The Mind and Deeds of the Irish Who Fought for the Republic in the Spanish Civil War</i> (UCD Press, 2020), and <i>Rotten Prod: The Unlikely Career of Dongaree Baird</i> (UCD Press, 2022) <p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjKp7qOU_TwgTLfa-6upyyynEKyZzJ_HA2n9L6XoAG_EkW-BxKSFikjMkMJCKYpGTwNaOfAZUXD9iK6B1Rew7-hbYCTuXFwuFNorgWGg0gcl3sERL0jtT0HDZqx-ugjk8fw87WCzEfMWZqEE1fuapFX3rdyxPumDNz-uah6uOoVruWl61w-P8jNiqCsPQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="1254" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjKp7qOU_TwgTLfa-6upyyynEKyZzJ_HA2n9L6XoAG_EkW-BxKSFikjMkMJCKYpGTwNaOfAZUXD9iK6B1Rew7-hbYCTuXFwuFNorgWGg0gcl3sERL0jtT0HDZqx-ugjk8fw87WCzEfMWZqEE1fuapFX3rdyxPumDNz-uah6uOoVruWl61w-P8jNiqCsPQ=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Irish volunteers with the International Brigades photographed at Jarama, Spain. The front row includes Waterfordmen Peter O’Connor (2nd from left), Paddy Power (4th from left), and Johnny Power (right). Courtesy of the late Peter O'Connor.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><p></p><p>On Saturday 19 December 1936, four Waterfordmen made their way to London’s Victoria Station and caught the boat train to Paris. Their true destination was the training base of the International Brigades at Albacete, 264 kilometres south east of Madrid. It was another step in the making of Waterford’s substantial connection with the Connolly Column, the name which has become a blanket term for the Irish who fought for the Spanish Republic. The four – Jackie Hunt, Peter O’Connor, Johnny Power, and Paddy Power – were followed to Spain by Billy Power, younger brother of Johnny and Paddy, Johnny Kelly, Harry Kennedy, Jackie Lemon, John O’Shea, and Mossie Quinlan. The eleventh man was Frank Edwards.</p><p>Conditions in the International Brigades were tough and often deadly, and the Waterford volunteers reflected the variety of experiences. One was killed. One deserted. Five were wounded, one on two occasions; a sixth was hospitalised from an illness contracted in battle; a seventh was stunned by a trench mortar. They returned to a changed Ireland, where economic prospects were bleak, and attitudeswere hostile. But the 1980s would bring new perspectives on the Spanish Civil War and the emergence of a politics of commemoration in which Waterford was prominent.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-11793870483495688702022-11-19T18:47:00.000+00:002022-11-19T18:47:08.944+00:00 Upcoming Lecture : Irish country furniture and furnishings 1700-2000 by Dr Claudia Kinmonth<p><br /></p><p>The Waterford Archaeological and Historical Society 2022 – 2023 lecture series continues at 8 pm on Friday, November 25th in St Patrick’s Gateway Centre with Dr Claudia Kinmonth. </p><p>‘Irish country furniture and furnishings 1700-2000, what made Waterford furniture so special?’.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><i>This lecture has been made possible due to the generous support of R. J. Keighery Antiques and Auction Rooms, Wateterford.</i></b></p><p><b><i><br /></i></b></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSWJruySYBD1t0ZjmUmiTlfjXqxZrA9yl16-YiezAU_Vk2Hl9ApWjyGdH_Z6zDxfZZ-rNkapflf_Y8viqisjkCSJKyMWfUTcE9qOXeauDZpU9bxrQv_FcURtiQGU7v0htgKYrw6oKXNABy8kXFoJoKWdjaODKa14TOUUVxPDJ7U3ll8o2BQ1gVt5DrQ/s2245/WAHS_Nov%202022_lecture%20poster_Kinmonth.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSWJruySYBD1t0ZjmUmiTlfjXqxZrA9yl16-YiezAU_Vk2Hl9ApWjyGdH_Z6zDxfZZ-rNkapflf_Y8viqisjkCSJKyMWfUTcE9qOXeauDZpU9bxrQv_FcURtiQGU7v0htgKYrw6oKXNABy8kXFoJoKWdjaODKa14TOUUVxPDJ7U3ll8o2BQ1gVt5DrQ/s320/WAHS_Nov%202022_lecture%20poster_Kinmonth.png" width="226" /></a></p><p>In this lecture Claudia will illustrate the full range of Ireland’s unique country or vernacular furniture, setting the scene of what was typical inside our rural farmhouses and cabins, until modernisation. This will include the best-known dressers and settles, as well as a wide variety of beds, seats, presses, tables and smaller furnishings. She will show how craftspeople resorted to using inexpensive timber, such as pine and driftwood, convincingly decorating it with ‘grained’ paintwork to imitate more expensive, fashionable woods such as oak, mahogany or satinwood. Furniture makers managed despite an acute shortage of materials (Ireland was severely deforested by the eighteenth century), but their resourcefulness spurred ingenuity. Makers saved materials by designing chairs that had renewable legs, or dressers with replaceable feet, or others that were incorporated into partition walls. Many items were made from bog oak, straw, or even turf instead of wood. </p><p><br /></p><p>In the poorest labourers’ cabins and byre dwellings, people made up temporary sleeping places each night, close to the hearth, using rushes, heather or straw, to sleep communally ‘in stradogue’. Others whose unlined thatched ceilings caused dust, dirt or drips to fall on them in rainy weather, built raised beds with integral roofs, to keep warm and dry, and avoid draughts. Large families often lived in small spaces. Demand arose for dual purpose furniture; such as fold-away beds, beds disguised as parlour furniture, or settle beds that doubled as worktops or contained their own bedding. This saved space in the absence of spare bedrooms.</p><p><br /></p><p>Families subsisting on a predominantly on a potato-based diet, often ate directly from a round, flat basket, through which the freshly boiled potatoes were drained. This wicker ‘skib’ was placed on the cast iron pot in which they’d been cooked, and the family ate with their fingers, in a close circle. Conventional wooden tables were not necessarily given priority, but evolved from habits of communal eating, on small, low tray-like tables, that after being cleaned were hung up out of the way. Examples survive from the late bronze age and may eventually have evolved into one-legged tables that hinged down from the kitchen wall. These saved timber and freed up space in the kitchen, like so many other ingenious designs. Some ‘falling tables’ even doubled as window shutters or cupboard doors, once folded up flat.</p><p><br /></p><p>All sorts of things were routinely recycled or repurposed. Worn out wooden cart wheels were dismantled so the spokes found new life as ladder rungs, the outer curved ‘felloes’ as cradle rockers, and the hubs became block stools. The butter box (in common use from the 1880-1960’s), was popularly rescued and decorated and found new life as a fireside seat, or an upholstered sewing box. This sort of ingenuity, born from frugality, is inspiring to contemporary makers who are keen to support a circular economy, and provides an inspiring blueprint. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><p>Furniture design was frequently regionally specific and influenced by local makers as well as economic circumstances. Of the small quantity of furniture that can be firmly linked to County Waterford with certainty, Claudia will discuss how this region differs. Waterford furniture is notably more decorative than equivalent pieces from other areas of Ireland. The comparatively decorative detail on Waterford case furniture suggests influence from foreign connections: probably introduced through the city’s historic maritime trade links. The popular perception of creameries in Ireland associates them with cooperatives. However, most of the early creameries were privately-owned, and as late as 1920, almost half of all of Munster’s creameries were still in private ownership. This was particularly the case in County Waterford where, of the 30 creameries established between 1886-1900, 28 were privately-owned. This illustrated lecture gives a detailed account of the initial waxing of the county’s private creameries and their subsequent decline, with the last private creamery closing in 1937. There are fascinating stories behind many of these creameries and the people involved, such as the remarkable Dungarvan-based entrepreneur Annie Sheehan. These stories will be a key focus of the presentation. Ultimately, the late-arriving cooperatives came to exert control over the industry, with a lot of state support, bringing an end to this little-known facet of Waterford’s creamery history.</p><p><br /></p><p>Dr Claudia Kinmonth MRIA MA(RCA) BTecHND is an art and design historian, whose Irish research started with her MA at the London’s Royal College of Art, before working at the V&A and Sir John Soane’s Museum. In 1993 the first of her books for Yale University Press, Irish Country Furniture 1700-1950 won awards and was followed by Irish Rural Interiors in Art (2006).</p><p><br /></p><p>Her work spurred three pioneering exhibitions on genre paintings, the most recent juxtaposing vernacular furniture (in Cork, Dublin and Boston College). The Royal Dublin Society awarded her their Library and Archives Bursary in 2018, the year of her election as a member of The Royal Irish Academy. Her latest book Irish Country Furniture and Furnishings 1700-2000 (Cork University Press) won The Durkan Prize from the American Conference for Irish Studies (2021) and was a finalist for the Historians of British Art Awards. It sold 3000 copies in three weeks and was reprinted. Her chapter in House and Home in Georgian Ireland (edited by Conor Lucey) explored ‘Communality and privacy in one- or two-roomed homes before 1830’ and was published this month (with Four Courts Press). Her latest research looks at small butter makers using the dash churn, before 1880.</p><br /><p><br /></p><p>Dr Kinmonth is a Research Fellow at the Moore Institute, NUI Galway, and Research Curator (Domestic Life) at the Ulster Folk Museum, as well as curatorial advisor for several museums in Cork. Further information on her research and publications can be found at <a href="http://www.claudiakinmonth.ie.">www.claudiakinmonth.ie.</a></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-37179725534977870472022-10-19T09:23:00.000+01:002022-10-19T09:23:44.725+01:00Irish Foreign Policy was a central expression of National Independence from Britain between 1922 and 1948 by Jackie Sandford<p>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> This essay will discuss how the foreign policy of the
post-independence Irish Free State, 1922-1948, was defined by its
relationship with its former imperial master, Great Britain. It shows how
the pro treaty majority party, Cumann na nGaedheal, utilised its ‘freedom to
provide freedom’ to augment Ireland’s dominion status through the conduit of
the League of Nations and the Imperial Conferences of the Commonwealth.
Subsequently, it addresses, post 1932, the more antagonistic policies of
Eamonn de Valera and the Fianna Fail Government relating to the ‘economic
war’, the 1937 Constitution, and the deletion of the Oath of Allegiance to
the British Crown. It, also, demonstrates the near unanimous support of the
Irish people during WW II for a policy of neutrality and not entering the
war in support of Britain. Finally, it shows how the Inter-Party Government
of1948, led by Fine Gael’s John A. Costello, declared a long aspired for
Republic and the ramifications of that decision.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before addressing
Post 1922 Irish Fore</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">ign Policy decisions it would be valid to look at past legacies which
informed the tenets of post-independence Irish Foreign Policy. While Kennedy
and Skelly claim that “the history of Ireland since 1916 is in many respects
the history of Irish foreign policy”,</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">[1]</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Fanning goes further back, contending that the tenets of Irish Foreign
Policy (including neutrality) evolved prior to the creation of the Irish
Free State as an autonomous polity within the British Commonwealth. The
Irish tendency of canvassing the support of Britain’s of Britain’s
international enemies, dates back to the nineteenth century and earlier. The
primary reason for Irish antagonism was and is geographic. Ireland is a
smaller and weaker offshore island behind a stronger and more powerful
neighbour (See additional details).</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">[2]</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> As the twentieth century progressed, the traditional policy of Irish
nationalism allying itself with Britain’s enemies, pragmatically moderated
to one of neutrality, which was seen as a proclamation of
Independence.</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Anglo-Irish Treaty of
December 1921 legislated for the creation of an Irish Free State, as a
self- governing Dominion within the British Commonwealth, rather than the
republic that was fought for since 1916 and before. Following a decision
to accept the terms of the agreement, an incestuous Civil War ensued,
ironically, on an objection to an Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown
rather than on the issue of partition which was later to become a corner
stone of Irish Foreign Policy.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Post-Independence Irish Foreign Policy was conducted, Tonra wrote,
according to the narrative of the Irish Nation. Within this story, history
was extensively defined in British terms. Thus, the new State’s initial
foreign policy priorities focused on establishing the exact correlation
between the embryonic Irish Free State and the British Empire.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
From its foundation, the foreign policy of the Irish Free State was shaped
to fit the requirements of this narrative, with, initially, a particular
emphasis on undermining the perceived constitutional ambiguity relating to
its assertions of independence. It was imperative that the Irish State
should be enabled to distinguish itself from being viewed as an English
dependency<span style="color: #cc0000;">.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/35387/Downloads/foreign%20policy%201.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
this end, in order to promote assertions of independence and a separate
national identity, Irish Foreign Policy focused on passports, flying own
flag at sea and creating a diplomatic service. It was, also, a priority,
due to the fractured essence of the State’s foundation which qualified the
allegiance of a significant amount of citizens, to reinterpret its
affinity to the British Crown and abolish constitutional equivocation to
independence. In order to further the expression of independence from
Britain, the policy was intent on validating the State’s legitimacy
abroad. This, it contended, would assist domestic legitimacy if perceived
to be a valued and energetic associate of the international community of
nations. Finally, it intended to protect and vindicate the honour of the
state. This would be achieved by defending the country and its people from
external invasion. Furthermore, pertaining to the partition of the island,
the policy committed to pursuing the unification of the national
territory.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anti-Treaty
antagonists, who constituted a large minority of the population,
considered the policy to be a false representation. Thus, External Affairs
was undoubtedly the most significant governmental department of whose
international position was disputed. Cumann na nGaedheal, which ruled for
the first decade of the new state, maintained, as Michael Collins did,
that the Treaty provided ‘freedom to achieve freedom’. It wanted to
portray that the status of dominion need not deter a country from
expressing its independence and that it was not inferior to Britain in
matters of international affairs.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gavan Duffy,
the first Minister for External Affairs, did not trust England and he
feared the Commonwealth, which was undoubtedly under the imprimatur of
Westminster. His initial goal was membership of the League of Nations
which he believed would provide Ireland with a platform to propagate her
sovereign freedom.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
On joining, President Cosgrave, in his inaugural speech at its Geneva
Assembly, September 1923, emphasised that Ireland joined the League not as
a Dominion but as ‘Soarstat Eireann...a fully self-governing state’<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shortly
afterwards, the Irish Free State attended its first Imperial Conference,
in late 1923. These Conferences were viewed, as ‘the chief buttress of
imperial unity and the tangible expression of imperial co-operation’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
The Irish delegation made little contribution, other than urging support
for the League’s values as a footing for Commonwealth collaboration in
foreign policy. It was, however, a valuable reconnaissance which was put
to good stead, as accomplishments in 1926 and 1929 testify<span style="color: #cc0000;">.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
League was appreciated by the Free State: membership represented an
assurance and a declaration of its independent nationhood. Geneva was a
more neutral environment, not conducive to unwelcome Commonwealth
influences, where the Irish could play a more independent role.
Membership, also, provided an important sense of security for an Ireland
so recently departed from British domination. However, there was another
agenda: the Free State indicated a desire to catalogue the Anglo-Irish
Treaty as an international agreement under Article 18 of the Covenant. The
action was opposed by Britain who asserted that the Treaty was an
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inter se</i> agreement within the
Commonwealth. This action exemplified a declaration of independent
Dominion action and an expectation that the Irish Free State envisaged
recognition as a treaty-making state rather a mere supplementary of Great
Britain. The Treaty was registered, by the League, on11 July 1924 to the
annoyance of Britain.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This year also saw a further expansion of the state’s independent
identity, with the appointment of a Minister Plenipotentiary to
Washington, on this occasion with the approval of Britain. In addition to
its own diplomats, the Irish claimed its own citizenship, its own
passports and its own flag. However, Free State passports, first issued in
April 1924, failed to include the words ‘British Subject’ as insisted by
Britain and were not recognised by the Foreign Office depriving holders of
security in areas without Free State representation.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
There were problems relating to the flying of the Irish Tricolour at sea,
which required a change in imperial shipping legislation to rectify.
Despite vigorous engagement by the Free State at the 1926 Imperial
Conference, it was not until 1929 that the concept of shared recognition
of dominion merchant shipping was assented to, permitting Irish ships to
fly the national flag.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[13]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However,
perpetuating a vigorous Irish Nation Narrative demanded more than
embassies, flags and passports – issues that only seemed exemplify the
limited nature of Irish independence. In 1926 the Free State, despite
opposition from Britain, put itself forward for election to the council of
the League. While unsuccessful, they were happy with their resulting
support.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[14]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
They had to wait until 1930 to mount a successful campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1926, also,
saw an Imperial Conference in London. The Irish delegation was ostensibly
led by Minister for External Affairs Desmond Fitzgerald but its agenda was
propagated by the more forceful Minister for Justice Kevin O Higgins. The
Free State was until now an uncharted entity on the world stage. Sensitive
of their recent independence, mocked by opponents at home as a British
subordinate, they highlighted anomalies and anachronisms of the colonial
epoch which they believed undermined their sovereignty and sustained their
antagonists. The British Government and its monarch continued to be
embedded in the structure of the state.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[15]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
The ambition was to achieve co-equality with Britain in matters of foreign
affairs and to see ‘that these nations known as Dominions were full
sovereign States, exercising the full rights of sovereign States in the
world’<span style="color: #cc0000;">.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[16]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
The final Conference Report (Balfour Declaration) declared that Dominions
are ‘equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect
of their domestic or external affairs’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[17]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
However, in his conclusion, the Committee chairman was to differentiate
between equality of ‘status’ and equality of ‘function’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[<span style="color: #cc0000;">18]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
Thus, Britain was to retain supremacy in the sphere of diplomacy and
defence.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In August
1928, President Cosgrave signed the Treaty for the Renunciation of War.
The significance of this agreement was that it was the first occasion that
Dominions inscribed separately, their signature assenting only to their
own area of jurisdiction. This restriction equally pertained to Great
Britain.<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
</span> The following year, the Irish Free State, became the solitary Dominion to
sign without reservation, Article 36 - the ‘Optional Clause’ – of the
Permanent Court of International Justice. This Clause compelled member
states to tender their international disagreements to the obligatory
jurisdiction of the Permanent Court, a prerequisite which the Commonwealth
believed might run counter to
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inter se</i> agreements between
Dominions.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[20]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Committee
on the Operation of Dominion Legislation 1929 acknowledged what was
already an accepted entitlement when it ‘declared and enacted that the
Parliament of a Dominion has full power to make laws having
extra-territorial operation’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[21]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
It, furthermore asserted that laws enacted by the Westminster Parliament
may no longer be imposed on any Dominion, except at the request and
sanction of that Dominion.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[22]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
The Free State arrived at the 1930 Imperial Conference of1930 with an
agenda: to legitimise the accomplishments of 1929, to formally document
the progress of ten years, and to absolve previous dissentions through a
cooperative constitutional agreement. There were also some additional
items outside of the O.D.L. Report that they wished to address, including
the Appeal to the Judicial Committee and the Oath of Allegiance. While the
Irish did not succeed in removing all anomalies, they hoped these may be
addressed during the period of time before the Statute would become law
and, thus, recommended the 1930 Conference Report.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[23]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The year 1931 concluded
with the proclamation of the Statute of Westminster, a Bill affording
statuary provision to an epoch of Commonwealth evolvement; the previous
decade of which had been characterised by appreciable Irish effort. The
Irish Free State had been unstinting in its determination to deter the
British Government from having an input in the statutory business of the
Dominions and had contributed generously to the development of the Statute
from 1926 onwards. The Irish, further, hoped that the last vestiges of
official involvement would be erased prior to the enacting of the
legislation. This, however, did not materialise. The Cumann na nGaedheal
Government advised the British, to no avail, that the removal of the Oath
of Allegiance was a significant political topic in Ireland and failure to
remove it would lead to the election of Eamonn De Valera and a Fianna Fail
Government. The Oath was not deleted and the forecast was validated.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[24]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within days of
coming to power De Valera brought forward a Bill to abolish the Oath of
Allegiance, in addition to deleting the passage in the 1922 Constitution
which specified that any requirement of the constitution incompatible with
the Treaty was invalid. He also contested a number of significant
remittances to Britain, leading to, what was termed, a six year ‘economic
war’. The word ‘economic’ may be a misnomer because the dispute also
pertained to political, constitutional and defence concerns.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[25]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
The new government demanded the retention of land annuity payments,
elimination of the office of Governor General, deletion of the entitlement
of judicial appeal to the Privy Council and the restoration of the
‘supposed’ Treaty-Ports from British military governance.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[26]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, significant
constitutional difficulties remained unanswered prior to the drafting of a
new constitution in the spring of 1935. The synopsis of the document
conferred the sovereignty of the state exclusively in the Irish people,
without recognition of the Anglo-Irish Treaty or the state’s dominion
status. The state was only to be associated with the Commonwealth through
international relations, referenced by a component of standard
legislation. This was to result in the adoption of De Valera’s
long-championed concept of ‘external association’ which he had originally
proposed in preference to the 1921 Treaty.<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[27]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
</span> The new constitution was approved by referendum in July 1937 and was
enacted into law by the close of the year. Some months later the six-year
disagreement concluded allowing Ireland and Britain to sign a new
Anglo-Irish treaty. The economic disagreement was resolved and the 1921
Treaty ports were restored unconditionally, paving the way for the
adoption of Irish neutrality the following year. Unfortunately, for De
Valera, there was no satisfactory outcome pertaining to partition.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[28]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
Surprisingly, Ireland did not formally declare a Republic. Holding back,
De Valera believed, retained an important political connection to Northern
Ireland.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the time Fianna
Fail first entered the Dail in 1927 De Valera championed a policy of
neutrality, when he stated ‘that if there were to be another Imperial
war...it is the wish of the Irish people to be neutral in that war’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[29]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
This policy was further buttressed consequent to the failure of the League
of Nations, when he opined that henceforth neutrality was the most
judicious policy for small states.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[30]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The handing back of the Treaty-Ports was the prerequisite to Irish
neutrality. The result of that arrangement, according to de Valera, was to
transfer to the Irish State overall administration of these safeguards,
and thus and acknowledge and institute Irish sovereignty over the twenty
six counties and its territorial waters.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[31]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
De Valera prioritised the pre-eminence of sovereignty over neutrality, as
his principal political ambition. This was accounted for by the fact that
a dedication to the latter was effectively a by-product of a preoccupation
with the former.<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
</span> Thus, F.S.L. Lyons contended that Irish neutrality during World War 11
‘was the outward and visible sign of absolute sovereignty’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[33]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ireland’s
neutrality as practiced during this period had the overwhelming support of
the Irish people and mirrored a virtual complete lack of public support
for participation in the war. The only political figure to propagate Irish
involvement was James Dillon T.D. and he only appeared above the parapet
after the United States’ enforced involvement.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[34]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Garret
Fitzgerald, whose writings generally indicate a personal predilection for
Irish collaboration with the Allies, enumerated the reasons for Ireland’s
neutrality. Firstly, it was an assertion of sovereignty. Secondly, there
was a dread of participation in the hostilities, particularly bombardment
from the air. Thirdly, and probably most pertinent, was a fear that
involvement on the side of the Allies, (essentially Britain) only sixteen
years after the end of an incestuous civil war fought on the Anglo-Irish
Treaty may lead to the reigniting of domestic unrest.<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
</span> There was another reason, as enunciated by the Secretary of the Department
of External Affairs, Joseph Walshe in1941: ‘Small nations like Ireland do
not and cannot assume the role of defenders of just causes except their
own’.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[36]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fianna Fail’s Post War policy did not deliberately embrace isolationism.
In 1946 Ireland applied for membership of the United Nations, only to have
its application vetoed by the Soviet Union. Soviet justification pointed
to the lack of a diplomatic relations with the USSR, in addition to Irish
wartime neutrality, although a more convincing explanation was probably
that Ireland was seen as pro-American. Consequent to the failed attempt to
join the UN (in addition to a later decision not to participate in NATO)
Irish foreign policy returned to the conventional issues of Anglo-Irish
relations and partition.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[37]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After sixteen
years in power, the Fianna Fail government fell in February 1948. The new
inter-party administration, led by Fine Gael, propagated a sustained
campaign against partition. De Valera freed from the trappings of office,
visited Britain, the United States and Australia emphasising the
immorality of partition. The newly elected inter-party government,
determined not to be outdone initiated its own international
anti-partition campaign.<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
</span> Taoiseach John A. Costello promised to impact on Britain’s ‘pride,
prestige and pocket’ until the demise of partition.<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
</span> Costello was not a proponent of the ambiguity in the External Relations
Act. While visiting Canada in September of that year, to the amazement of
his hosts, Costello declared that the External Relations Act would be
repealed and, additionally, that Ireland would be exiting the
Commonwealth. In November, he introduced the Republic of Ireland Bill in
the Dail, featuring a reciprocal agreement with Britain and the
Commonwealth for citizenship and trade functions.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-size: 12pt;">[40]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
According to the 1948 British Nationality Act, citizens of the new
Republic were not declared aliens and maintained residential and voting
entitlements.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However there were other repercussions, on May of the following year
Britain issued its own Ireland Bill, which affirmed that Northern Ireland
(or any part thereof) would never exit the United Kingdom without the
imprimatur of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, thus, relocating the
prohibition on Irish unity from Westminster to Belfast. <o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In conclusion,
this essay has shown how Irish Policy was a central expression of national
Independence from Britain. Subsequent to the passing of the Treaty, the
Cosgrave administration laboured, through the conduit of the League of
Nations and successive Imperial Conferences, to expand Ireland’s
independence. With the election of Fianna Fail in 1932 the same narrative
continued but in a more antagonistic manner, leading to the Irish
Nationality Bill 1935, the External Relations Bill 1936 and the
ratification of a new Constitution by the Irish people in 1937. Neutrality
in World War II, supported by the vast majority of all political
persuasions, further emphasised Ireland’s independence from Britain.
Following the defeat of Fianna Fail in the General Election of 1948, the
Fine Gael led Inter-Party Government <a name="_GoBack"></a>under Costello
declared a Republic and removed Ireland from the Commonwealth, ironically,
fortifying partition.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><o:p> </o:p></span> Footnotes</span></p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"><p class="MsoFootnoteText">[1]<span style="font-family: verdana;"> <span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Michael Kennedy and Skelly, Joseph Morrison, “The Study of Irish
Foreign Policy from Independence to Internationalism, in M. Kennedy
and J.M. Skelly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Irish Foreign Policy 1919-1966: From Independence to</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Internationalism,</i> (Four
Courts Press, Dublin, 2000) p. 13<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ronan Fanning, Irish Neutrality: A Historical Review,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Irish Studies in International Affairs</i>, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1982) p. 27<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ben Torna<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Global Citizen and
the European Republic</i>. (Manchester 2006) P.16<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. p.22<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. p. 22<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Conor Cruise O’ Brien, ‘Ireland in International Affairs’, in Owen Dudley Edwards (ed)
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Conor Cruise O’ Brien</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">introduces Ireland</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(London 1969)
p.106<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">D. W.Harkness,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Restless Dominion</i>,
(Gill & Macmillan Dublin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1969) p.31-32<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Constitution of Irish Free State</span></i><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">, Article 2<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">P.N.S. Mansergh,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Survey of Commonwealth Affairs</i>, 1931-9, p.34<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Harkness,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Restless Dominion</i>, pp.
37, 55,<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
Ibid. pp. 55-63.<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. pp. 55, 56, 70.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Tonra<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Global Citizen and European Republic</i>, p. 23<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Telegram</span></i><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">, Irish Free State Delegation to Department External Affairs, 17
September 1926 ‘recieved’ (Fitzgerald Papers.)<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Harkness,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Restless Dominion</i>,
p.86.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Dail Eireann debates</span></i><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">, XVI, col. 259. (Fitzgerald)<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Cmd. 2768, 1926: Imperial Conference, 1926.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Summary of Proceeding</i>. P.
13<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Harkness,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Restless Dominion</i>, pp.
140-141.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. pp. 141-142.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
Cmd. 3479, 1929-30,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Report of the Conference on the Operation of Dominion
Legislation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Merchant
Shipping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Legislation,
1922 </i>p.17.<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Harkness,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Restless Dominion</i>, p.
159.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. pp.176, 228.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. p 229-239.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Deirdre McMahon,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ireland and the Empire-Commonwealth</i>, p.156.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Tonra,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Global Citizen, and European Republic</i>, p. 25.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. p. 25-26.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">McMahon, Ireland and the Empire-Commonwealth, 1900-1948 in Judith M.
Brown and W.R. Louis (eds)
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Oxford History of the British Empire; Twentieth Century</i>
Vol. 4 (Oxford History of the British Empire S.) pp. 156-157.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Dail Debates</span></i><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">, XXVII, cols. 430-502: November 21 1928.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Dail Debates</span></i><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">, LXII, cols. 2649-2746: June 18 1936.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Maurice Moynihan (ed.),
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Speeches and Statements of Eamonn de Valera 1917-73</i>, (Dublin and New York 1980) p. 34<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fanning<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Irish Neutrality</i>; p. 30.<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">F.S.L. Lyons<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Ireland since the Famine</i>, (London, 1973 ed.) p. 554.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Garret Fitzgerald. Irish Times, May 6 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Garret Fitzgerald. The Origins and Present Status of Irish
‘Neutrality’.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Irish Studies in International Affairs</i>, Vol. 9 (1998) p.14<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Joseph Walshe to John Hearne, 1 January 1941, quoted in Keogh,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ireland and Europe 1919-1989</i>, p.119<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">John Coakley and Michael Gallagher, ed.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Politics of the Republic of Ireland</i>. (Routledge, London and New York, 2005) p.434<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Ibid. p. 29.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Dail Debate</span></i><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">, 115: 807<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[40]</span></span></span><i><!--[endif]--></i></span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;">Dail<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Debates</i>, CXIII,
cols.380-83. 24 Nov. 1948.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span lang="EN-IE" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IE;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></span>
</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bibliography</span></span></b><span style="font-family: verdana; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<u><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Primary Sources<o:p></o:p></span></span></u>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Cmd. 2769, 1926: <i>Imperial Conference 1926</i>. <i>Summary of Proceedings</i></span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Cmd. 3479, 1929-30: </span><i style="font-family: verdana;">Report of the Conference on the Opperation of Dominion Legistlation
and</i><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><i style="font-family: verdana;">Marine and Shipping Legistlation 1922.</i></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><i style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IE">Constitution of Irish Free State</span></i><span lang="EN-IE" style="font-family: verdana;"> (Article 2)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="EN-IE">Dail Debate</span></i><span lang="EN-IE">, XVI, col. 259. (Fitzgerald)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="EN-IE">Dail Debate</span></i><span lang="EN-IE">, XXVII, cols. 430-502. November 21 1928. (de Valera)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="EN-IE">Dail Debate</span></i><span lang="EN-IE">, LXII, cols. 2649-2746. June 18 1936. (de Valera)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="EN-IE">Dail Debate</span></i><span lang="EN-IE">, 115: 807 (Costello)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="EN-IE">Dail Debate</span></i><span lang="EN-IE">, cols. 380-83. 24 November 1948 (Costello)</span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Garret Fitzgerald<i>, Irish Times</i> May 6 1995</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span lang="EN-IE">Telegram</span></i><span lang="EN-IE">, Irish Free State Delegation to Department of External Affairs, 17
September 1926, (Fitzgerald Papers)</span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Walshe, Joseph, to John Hearne, quoted in Keogh, <i>Ireland and Europe 1919-1989</i>. P.119</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span>
</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<u><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Secondary Sources</span></span></u><span style="font-family: verdana; text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Coakley, John and Michael Gallagher, (ed,) Politics of the Republic
of Ireland, (Routledge, London and New York, 2005)</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Fanning, Ronan, Irish Neutrality: A Historical Review, Irish Studies
in International Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1982) pp. 27-38.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Fitzgerald, Garret, The Origins and Present Status of Irish
Neutrality, Irish Studies in International Affairs, Vol. 9, (1998) pp.
11-19.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Harkness, D.W. The Restless Dominion, (Gill and Macmillan, Dublin
1969)</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kennedy, Michael and J.M. Skelly, The Study of Irish Foreign Policy
from Independence to Internationalism, in M.Kennedt and J.M. Skelly,
Irish Foreign Policy 1919-1966: From Independence to Internationalism.
(Four Court Press, 2000)</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Lyons, F.S.L. Ireland since the Famine. (London 1973)</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Mansergh, P.N.S. Survey of
Commonwealth Affairs.
1931-39. (Oxford 1952)</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">McMahon, Deirdre, Ireland and the Empire Commonwealth 1900-1948, in
Judith M. Brown and W.R. Louis (ed.) The Oxford History of the British
Empire: Twentieth Century Vol. 4 (Oxford History of the British Empire
S.) pp. 139-162.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Moynihan, Maurice. Speeches and Statements of Eamonn de
Valera 1917-73. (Dublin and New York 1980)</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">O’Brien, Conor Cruise, Ireland in International Affairs, in Owen
Dudley Edwards (ed,) Conor Cruise O’Brien
Introduces Ireland, (London 1969) pp.104-134.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tonra, Ben, Global Citizen and the European Republic, (Manchester
2006)</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span lang="EN-IE"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tonra, Ben, et al (ed.) Irish Foreign Policy, (Gill and Macmillan
2012)</span></span></li></ul>
<p></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-IE"></span></span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8484453433693185443.post-8442576757747463362022-10-14T11:05:00.000+01:002022-10-14T11:05:08.700+01:00Upcoming Lecture : Private Creameries, a little-known aspect of County Waterford rural economy 1886-1937 by Proinnsias Breathnach<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"> <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz3UqSwMrjmamudoSFb4d44k46CSnwNjCpF8nzA-2DKBOUdcDCeomHknP9-woFK9vNN5m35Y2KSn0mIUCh1fZxeoPQ9Ss8SWfBZ0fEoATacFGSk2_g7q_r-E4K1ZuagmzQoITHdIbHnUg09LE--NzlThBGISs2X5R1Rp9z76uFPmN0QpPlK1XKnWB5SA/s2245/WAHS_Oct%202022_lecture%20poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2245" data-original-width="1587" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz3UqSwMrjmamudoSFb4d44k46CSnwNjCpF8nzA-2DKBOUdcDCeomHknP9-woFK9vNN5m35Y2KSn0mIUCh1fZxeoPQ9Ss8SWfBZ0fEoATacFGSk2_g7q_r-E4K1ZuagmzQoITHdIbHnUg09LE--NzlThBGISs2X5R1Rp9z76uFPmN0QpPlK1XKnWB5SA/w283-h400/WAHS_Oct%202022_lecture%20poster.jpg" width="283" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">The popular perception of creameries in Ireland associates them with cooperatives. However, most of the early creameries were privately-owned, and as late as 1920, almost half of all of Munster’s creameries were still in private ownership. This was particularly the case in County Waterford where, of the 30 creameries established between 1886-1900, 28 were privately-owned. This illustrated lecture gives a detailed account of the initial waxing of the county’s private creameries and their subsequent decline, with the last private creamery closing in 1937. There are fascinating stories behind many of these creameries and the people involved, such as the remarkable Dungarvan-based entrepreneur Annie Sheehan. These stories will be a key focus of the presentation. Ultimately, the late-arriving cooperatives came to exert control over the industry, with a lot of state support, bringing an end to this little-known facet of Waterford’s creamery history.</span></span></div><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small; margin: 0px;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnY8QcKLdWYBG1OGGJWtgxoNhPy4cWUxmA5AZX4dN7K-bgLwrgw_wkVXaEpvi27mRli0z6v9Rhhooboplcpl9DPTsgHvxp-DFle6lTA12dONXnXe6iGKixwLH54-JRGnO9Z4SFRTDZ-jTM89-0PkTlhg6GAnAkz0rTFJOoUzEdammkiMu_X4gsuggpFg/s712/P%20Breathnach%20headshot.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: verdana; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="534" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnY8QcKLdWYBG1OGGJWtgxoNhPy4cWUxmA5AZX4dN7K-bgLwrgw_wkVXaEpvi27mRli0z6v9Rhhooboplcpl9DPTsgHvxp-DFle6lTA12dONXnXe6iGKixwLH54-JRGnO9Z4SFRTDZ-jTM89-0PkTlhg6GAnAkz0rTFJOoUzEdammkiMu_X4gsuggpFg/w150-h200/P%20Breathnach%20headshot.png" width="150" /></a><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Proinnsias Breathnach</b> is originally from Dungarvan, where his first paid summer job as a school student was in Dungarvan Co-op. He studied for his BA degree in Geography and Economics at University College Dublin, moved to Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada for his MA and completed his PhD (on the diffusion of the cooperative creamery system in Ireland up to 1920) in what is now called Maynooth University. He began lecturing in Geography in Maynooth in 1972, and although now officially retired, remains attached to the university with emeritus status. His specialist field is economic geography, with a particular focus on the spatial aspects of economic development, especially industrial geography, foreign investment and regional development. He is currently working on a book on the historical geography of creameries in Ireland.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></span><p></p>WAHShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13505600673547654293noreply@blogger.com0